From the page 127: After the defeat of Shamil, the only peoples in the Caucasus who had not been subdued were the Circassians (Adyghe, Cherkess and Kabardians), the Abazins and the Ubykhs. In the following years Russia carried out an operation of demographic warfare which in contemporary international law would be considered as genocide or ethnic cleansing. By conquering villages, killing or expelling its inhabitants (including forced migration to the Ottoman Empire) and giving the lands to Russian and Cossack settlers, the tsarist regime aimed to end the war and consolidate their hard-won territories, a policy already decided upon in 1808. Most Cherkess capitulated in 1859, but the Adyghe intensified their struggle in 1862. On 21 April (*May) 1864 General Evdokimov’s troops crushed the Ubykhs, who had formed the last outpost of opposition. This date is also seen as the official end of the Caucasian War.